Assignment- Victorian literature

Assignment

Name:- Hareshwari Kapdi

KmSem-2

Batch- 2019-2020

Roll no:-6

Submitted to- Smt.S.B. Gardi Departmentat of English MKBU

Paper:- The Victorian literature

Paper no:-6

Course:- M.A. English

Topic:- Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning

# Introduction:-

Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning belong to the Victorian age and they occupy a prominent place as a pre-eminent poet of their age. Both the poet's apply new techniques and styles in poetry writing. But both these poets adopt their own style in their writing. Browning focuses on the psyche of his frantic characters and tries to look into deep inside of such characters in his writings. Browning tries to understand human nature, religion, and society property. He studies the innermost psychology of characters. On the other hand, Tennyson draws material from external specific realities, ideas, and objects and tries to express it through ornate language.

#Alfred Tennyson:-

Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson FRS(6 August 1809-6 October 1892) was a British poet. He was the Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets.

" The happiness of a man in this life does not consist in the absence, but in the mastery, of his passions."

• Alfred Tennyson

#Education and publication:-

Tennyson was a student of Louth Grammar School for four year (1816-1820) and then attended Scaitcliffe School, Englefield Green and King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. He entered Trinity College. Cambridge, in 1827, where he joined a secret  society.

In 1829, Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces." Timbuktu" Reportedly," it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellor's gold medal" . He published his first solo collection of poems, poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. "Claribel" and"Mariana", which later took their place among Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume Although decried by some critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to the attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge 

# Robert Browning:-

(7 May 1812-12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. His poems are known for their Irony, characterization, dark humour, social commentary, historical settings, and challenging vocabulary and syntax.

Browning tries to understand human nature, religion, and society property. He studies the innermost psychology of characters. On the other hand, Tennyson draws material from external specific realities, ideas, and objects and tries to express it through ornate language.

Robert Browning was a poet of strange inequality and of extraordinary and fantastic methods in his composition. However much one could enjoy some of his works, one could only hope that two-thirds of them would be as promptly as possible forgotten not, however, from any moral objection to what be wrote. He was the Carlyle of poetry.

It is easy to laugh at Sir Edward's boneheaded prejudice, mastery of cliniche and preposterous attempt to reverse Ben Jonson's quip about Shakespeare ("the players have often mentioned it as an honour to Shakespeare that in  his writing he never blotted out line. My answer hath been, "would he have blotted a thousand" ). Yet sir Edward has hold of something true.

Tennyson and Robert Browning divides the age, and Tennyson is always ' the first named'  Browning resented Tennyson's priority, and friends of Tennyson, in turn resented Browning's pretensions.

Victorian poets

Elizabeth Barrett Bro. (1806-1861)

Robert Browning (1812-1889)

Alfred Tennyson (1809-1893)

Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)

Christina Rossetti (1830-1894)

Charles Dickens (1812)

# Comparison of Tennyson and Robert Browning:-

1. Writing Manner:-

• Tennyson:- Draws Material from external specific realities, ideas and objects.
• Express through ornate language.
• Simplicity in writing.

• Browning:- Understand human nature religion and society probably.
• Studies innermost psychology of character.
• Obscurity in writing.
• Careless about from.
• Ear-Eetched resources.
• 
  

2. Nature of Expression:-

Tennyson	Browning
Tone of Expression Melancholic	Energetic writing
Important notice inducing and Endorsing particular Method	Systematically depicts the essence of poetry.
Poetry: Essentially lyrical	Dramatic Monologue: Half Hearted
Variety of Verse: Blank verse and Narrative poems, Soliloque, Monologues	Psychological state of Character

3.  Choice of subject:-

Tennyson	Browning
Under the influence of Romantic revival	Comely and ugly subjects
Chooses subjects daintily	Equal pleasure aim to show truth lies hidden in both Evil and Good
Poems reverts to the lyric or Narrative themes	Themes: Philosophical or religions, love, lighter human soul
Having Faith and keeping faith	Interested in abnormal people
Science and Religion	Projects himself into their mind to labor their feelings and motives

4. Message:-

       - Tennyson :-

• Reflects the growing order of age.
• Individual must be suppressed
• Self must always be subordinate.
• Mixture of fate and fessemism.

• Browning:-

• Triumph of the individual will over all obstacles.
• Sell is not subordinate.
• Self is supreme.
• Nothing is oriental, doubtful, pessimistic in whole range of his poetry.

      

   5.  Nature:-

• Tennyson:-

• Shy
• Retiring
• Indifferent to mention
• Hating noise and publicity
• Loving to be alone with Nature like Wordsworth

• Browning

• Sociable

• Delighting in applause in society
• Travel in the noise and bustle of big world.

• Another significant difference between poems of Alfred Tennyson's and Robert Browning is in their nature of expression. 
• Browning's writing are always energetic but in Tennison's tone of expression is generally melancholic where he tends to give touch of nostalgia. Their poetic concerns are hardly related. Browning systematically depicts the essence of a Character whereas Tennyson gives importance in inducing and endorsing a particular mood.
• Browning in his poetry tries to realize human nature, society and religion. Whereas, Tennyson recall the conscious mind an environment through ornate language.
• Tennyson as a source for his poetry, used many subjects from domestic conditions to observation of atmosphere. Whereas, Browning takes an immoral Character and challenges us to find out the moral excellence.
• Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson were two main Victorian poets. They were also famous in Dramatic monologue. It is difficult to find difference between Browning and Tennyson. Their poetic concerns are quite similar. Browning logically reveals the essence of a person whereas, Tennyson induce and plays a particular mood.

Alfred Lord Tennyson	Robert Browning
The Splendor Falls-1850	Two in the Campagna-1855
In Memoriam (To Sleep I give my powers away)-1850	My Star-1855
Tithonus-1860	Love in a Life-1855
In Memoriam, Epilogue, (O true and tried, so well and long)-1850	Life in a Love-1855
Break,Break, Break-1842	Song from Paracelsus-1835
The Hesperides-1832	Wanting is- What ?-1883
From"The Princess"-2014	Song from Paracelsus-1835
Vivien's Song-2017	Epilogue-2017
Marriage Morning-2016	Now-2016

#Reference:-

• "Robert Browning Biography" bookrags. Com.

• Browning, Robert,Ed, Marlin, Daniel (2004) Selected Poems Penguin.

• Tennyson, Alfred Lord. Selected poems. London: Penguin Books,1991.

 # Concluding:-

Tennyson and Browning are important Victorian poets, they differ in background and style. Browning is considered the more innovative of the two produce to  gotten syntax, but actually under his mellifluous and fluid surface style, Tennyson is even more radically innovative. Both Poets wrote dramay monologues. Both experimented with writing in dialcct of complex narrative structures, while Tennyson often explores classical and medieval theme sand many of Browning's best known poems are set in the Renaissance.

Browning's poems reflect a wide range of emotional tones and Tennyson is best known for his evocation of melancholy. We just studied especially in their methods of approaching the truth, the two man are the exact opposites. Tennyson is the first artist and then the teacher, Browning' message is always the important thing and he careless, in which it is described.

Assignment- Romantic Literature

  Assignment

Name- Hareshwari Kapdi

Sem-2 

Batch-2019-2020

Roll no- 6

Submitted to- Smt.S.B. Gardi Department of English MKBU

Paper no-The Romantic Literature

Course- M.A. English

Topic-Discuss about Frankenstein novel

#     Introduction

Though Mary Shelley wrote five more novels before her death in 1851, none succeeded with the public nearly as well as Frankenstein. Only months after it appeared in the spring of 1818, Thomas Peacock could write to Percy Shelley that " It seems to be universally known and read". The theree- volume edition of year was followed in 1823 by a two- volume version, apparently to take advantage of the popularity of stage of adaptations.

" Satan has his companions fellow- devils , to admire and encourage him but I am solitary and detested."

• Mary Shelly

At the centre of Frankenstein is the Monster's own story. The "horrid thing" of Mary Shelley's dream, the "filthy mass that moved and talked, " has all the deliciously frightening appeal of the decaying creatures of horror tales.

# Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley about Frankenstein

The early nineteenth century was not good time to be a female writer- particularly if one was audacious enough to be a female novelist. Contemporary believe held that no one would be willing to read the work of a woman; the fantastic success of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's Frankenstein served to thoroughly disprove this theory.

Frankenstein established Shelley as a woman of letters when such a thing was believed to be a contradiction in terms; only the reputation of Madame Dr Stark surpassed Shelley's in Europe. De Stael, however, was more famous for continuing to publish her works despite the fact that the Emperor Napoleon had explicitly forbade her to do so, rather than for the quality of the works themselves.

Though Frankenstein is now customarily classified as a horror story, it is interesting to note that Shelley's contemporaries regarded it as a serious novel of ideas. It served as an illustration of many of the tenets of William Godwin's philosophy, and did more to promote his ideas than his own work ever did. The novel does not, however, subscribe to all of Godwin's precepts. It stands in explicit opposition  to the idea that man can achieve perfection- in fact, it argues that any attempt to attain perfection will ultimately end in ruin. 

Frankenstein is part of the Gothic movement in literature, a form that was only just becoming popular in England at the time of its publication, The Gothic mode was a reaction against the humanistic, rationalist literature of The Age of Reason; one might say it was ushered in by the death of Keats, the English author with whom Romanticism is perhaps most closely associated. Frankenstein might be seen as a compromise between the Gothic approach and the Romantic one: it addresses serious philosophical subjects bin a fantastical manner. Though it confronts recognizable human problems, it can hardly be said to take place in a recognizable natural world some critics have suggested that this tension between Gothic and Romantic Literary modes echoes the philosophical tension that existed between herself and her husband, the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.

 #  Frankenstein

• Frankenstein, a text that is part Gothic novel and Philosophical it also considered an early example of scientific fiction.
• It narrated the dreadful consequences that arise after a scientist has artificially created a human being.
• The man- made Monster in this novel, inspire a similar creature in numerous American horror films.

Frankenstein novel	Frankenstein Film
Mary Shelley.	James Whale.
Published 1 January 1818.	21 November 1931.
The story of Victor Frankenstein, a young Scientist who creature a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment.	An obsessed scientist creates a living being from body parts, not realising it has a madman's brain.

# Social/ Historical context:

Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus was written by Mary Shelley; wife of the famous English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley; and published in 1818. The book is a foray into the genre of Gothic- horror fiction and one of the first of its kind. It deals with the ethical issues of advancing technology and explores man's relationship with his maker at an allegorical level.

Writing Style:-

The book is written as a series of narrative in the first person; Introduced as a series of letters from an explorer to his sister, then as a recount of Victor Frankenstein's tale. The language is representative of English typical in the 19th century. However it is quite simple and easy to understand and the prose is very free- flowing. The plot is built up masterfully and the two main  characters are remarkably well sketched.

Frankenstein Novel	Enthiran transl. Robert
Mary Shelly	S.Shankar
Main character Victor Frankenstein	Main character Dr. Vaseegaran
Created Moster	Created Chitti
Moster companion Female Monster	Chitti loves Sana

#Frankenstein Creation and Monstrosity

Stephen Bann

With essays by  Elisabeth Bronfen, crosbie Smith Ludmilla Jordanova, Louis James, Michael Fried, Michael Grant, Jasia Reinhardt, Robert Olorenshaw and Jean- Louis Schefer.

Some of the most significant currents in modern intellectual and Cultural history pass by way of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). By choosing in her book  as a guiding theme the idea of the scientist who creates a monster, she both revives for the Romantic period the traditional link between scientific experiment and natural magic,  and makes her own contribution to the debate on the difference between ' creation' and ' production' that was flourishing among the natural scientists of her time.

Frankenstein thus signals a remarkable integration of the broad issues of contemporary science and Culture within the form of a popular fiction. In this way, it stands at the head of a productive tendency which is marked,  over the coming century, by related works like Bram Stoker's Dracula and and H.G. well's The Island of Doctor Moreau. Common to all these works is a fascination with the ethics of creation, and the phenomenon of monstrosiry, which provokes interesting questions about the place of the monster in visual culture.

# Characters charts:-

# Symbolism in Frankenstein- Chart

# Monster's name in the novel Frankenstein:-

In  Frankenstein, the monster does not have a given name. It's creator, Victor Frankenstein, however, does use a number of negative terms to describe the monster throughout the novel, including " ogre," " devil", and "thing".

There is some significance in the fact that the monster is nameless. Firstly, it reinforces the monster's status as Victor's creation . It is his property, the product of his labors while at university, and therefore viewed as a possession, not a human being.

Secondly, not giving the monster a name makes it easier for Victor to flee his monster when he realizes how terrifying and horrible he really finds it. Remember that the monster is incredibly ugly and scary. It is extremely tall, for instance, and has yellow eyes. By not giving this monster a name, Shelley also reinforces the idea that it is neither human nor animal. It is a completely new and separate entity.

• Shelley uses nature as a restorative agent for Victor Frankenstein. While he seems to be overcome with grief by the murders of his friends and family, he repeatedly shuns humanity and seeks nature for health, relaxation and to strengthen his spirits.

# The Power of Nature- Literature and Technology:-

The Power of Nature. Mary Shelley uses Frankenstein and his trials to show how detrimental defying nature can be. Frankenstein compares his drive for success to that of a hurricane. Hurricanes ultimately end in destruction, however, and therefore Shelley uses nature to symbolize destruction.

The natural imagery in " Frankenstein" is comparable to the best in  the Romantic literature. Mary Shelley paints Nature and it's divine grandeur with some rare strokes of a masterful hand. She deliberately juxtaposes the exalted vision of Mother Nature with the horrendous spectacle of a man-made monster and his ghastly deeds.

This steep contrast sets reader thinking about the wisdom of departing away from the set norms of Nature. Mary's message to mankind is loud and clear; do not mess with Nature for your own good. Humans should best live like humans. Any attempt to change the status quo can be very expensive and dangerous. If you will preserve Nature, Nature will preserve you.

The message is loud and clear; the untold secrets of Nature are best enjoyed when allowed to remain a secret.

# References:-

• Bann,  Stephen, ed. "Frankenstein":Creation and Monstrosity. London: Reaction, 1994.

• Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1797-1851. Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus : the 1818 Text. Oxford ; New York :Oxford University Press, 1998.

#Conclusion:-

As developed in this essay, the Frankenstein story has three levels of interest. First, it reveals a deeper kind of signification than is at first apparent. The "Other", the outside, the racially foreign,  is probably buried within the genre of Gothic horror as a whole. Secondly, while in the novel this embedded message reflects contemporary ambiguity or confusion about the racial Other, it entered popular culture at a time of shifting racial and ethnocentric attitudes, and in this context inevitably lent it's weight to the construction of sensational aspects of " race" in the popular nineteenth-century mind. Finally, the text and it's subsequent development reveal inherent linkages between race and the other evolving concepts of class and gender.

Audience and Resorption studies

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Cultural and Anarchy: Thinking Activity

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Welcome to my blog,

 This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of department of English Maharaj KrishnaKumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

# Cultural and Anarchy (1869)
-Matthew Arnold
 Cultural and Anarchy is a series of periodical essays by Matthew Arnold, first published in Cornhill Magazine 1867-68 and collected as a book in 1869. The preface was added in 1875.
Arnold's famous piece of writing on Cultural established his High Victorian Cultural agenda which remained dominant in debate from the 1860s until the 1950s.

# Cultural and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold

Click here

        Map of construction of  Cultural types of Anarchy

Critique	Key point	How I understand it ?
Culture	Study of parathion Harmonium expansion & human culities.	Culture asking to be entrusted with power and indeed, I have freely said, that in my opinion the speech most proper, at present, for a man of culture to make to a body of his fellow-countrymen who get him into a committee- room, is Socrates's: know thyself! and this is not a speech to be made by men  wanting to be entrusted with power.
Sweetness and Light	Sweetness is moral righteousness and right means is intellectual power and truth.	"The first motive which ought to impel us to study is the desire to augment the excellence of our nature, and to render an  intelligent being yet more intelligent."This is the true ground to assign for the genuine scientific passion , however manifested, and for Culture, viewed simply as a fruit of this passion; and it is a worthy ground, even though we let term curiosity stand to describe it.
Doing as one Likes Anarchy	Liberty, and freedom.	Sometimes liberty is differentiated from freedom by using the word "freedom" primarily, if not exclusively, to mean the ability to do as one wills and what one has the power to do; and using the word" liberty" to mean the absence of arbitrary restraints, taking into account the rights of all involved.
Barbarians,Philistines, populace	Privileged Mony minded lower class people Tradition, firmness.	This is the hard working class. They are different than the two other group. We can find that they are orthodox They believe in old rule and rituals, also people of this group not accept new thing and change easily it takes time.
Hebraism and Hellenism	The very language which they both of them use in schooling us to reach this aim is often identical.	Even when their language indicates by variation, somethings a broad variation , often a but slight and subtle variation- the different courses of thought which are uppermost in each discipline, even then the unity of the final end  and aim is still apparent.
Porro Unum est Necessarium	The isolated preponderance of its intellectual impulses.	Knew not God, or the true order of things, it is yet necessary, also,to set up a sort of converse to this proposition, and to say likewise that the world by puritanism knew not God.
Our Liberal practitioners	Our Liberal friends assure us, at the very top of their voices.	That their present actual operation  for the disestablishment of the lrise Church is fruitful and solid.

Thinking Activity: Technoculture, speed and slow Movement

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Welcome to my blog,

This task Thinking Activity :Technoculture,speed and slow moment given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of department of English Maharaj KrishnaKumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

Risk theory for Cultural studies reveals the extent that society/ culture thrives on risk, providing information about risk potential, possible solutions and so on. Risk theory reflects on the psycho-Social impact of Technoculture where cultural responses to new devices are based upon an awareness that they create new risks.

# Ulrich Beck and the Risk society:-

The slow movement ( sometimes capitalised slow movement or slow movement) advocates a cultural shift towers slowing down life's pace. "It is a cultural Revolution against the notion that faster is always better. The slow philosophy is not about doing everything at a snail' s pace.

Slow living 201: A deep dive into slow living & The slow movement

The history of slow living

There seems be a worldwide consensus that everything started in 1986 when Carlo petrini protested against the opening of a McDonald's in Rome my one-year old self would have been right there with you Carlo.
This moment would make the beginning. A few years later, the international slow food moment was officially founded.


Some people have reverse- engineered Slow as an acronym: Sustainable, Local , Organic, and Whole. While some of these principles apply to other aspects of slow living, it's certainly most applicable to slow food with its emphasis on quality ingredients, sustainability, and local production and consumption .The people in the Blue Zones who live the longest on Earth would approve.

The has always been track for contesting the notion that faster is better a countercurrent for slow. Thoreau going to Walden pond, Nietzsche talking about too much speed, much speed, Bertrand Russell, the hippies Then in the eighties the slow food movement came along and took back the word 'slow' which has become a four letter word in our Culture, and said fast food was detrimental. They were focused on food, but since then that slow moniker or tag has become a global shorthand for a better, more balanced way of doing everything. - Carl Honore


The Slow movement Today

The ever-expanding slow movement goes way beyond slow living and slow food today. There's now a slow version of almost anything you can think up: slow money, slow parenting, slow education, slow reading, slow design, slow architecture, slow medicine, slow science, slow gardening, and even slow religion.


The Slow movement advoc ates a cultural shift toward slowing down life's pace.- Wikipedia slow movement.


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Thinking Activity: Digital Humanities

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Welcome to my blog,

 

This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of Department of English Maharaj KrishnaKumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

1)Difine Digital Humanities?

"The digital humanities is an area of research of computing and the Intersection of computing and the disciplines of the humanities".

The term"digital humanities" has been evolving for several decades and often describes the application and/or development of digital tools and resources to enable researchers to address questions and perform new types of analyses in the humanities disciplines. This paper focuses on how to support humanists and provide them with tools to conduct DH research.

2) What is it doing in English Department? Write any three reasons out of six given in the article by Matthew G. Kirschenbaum.

Returning to the linguistic  discussion, on the other hand, in the term 'Digital humanities' the digital features as an adjective for the Humanities, a means according to which the humanistic agenda is carried out. So when John Unsworth suggested that Blackwell' s book should be called not "A companion to Humanities' computing' not companion to Digitized Humanities'' but instead " Companion to Digital Humanities he probably wanted to appeal to an audience of humanists operating with digital tools. In this formulation, the core humanistic values, such as inquiry, critical thinking, debate,  pluralism and critique, lie at the heart of the field.

According to Matthias Kirschenbaum, digital humanities is better understood as a common methodological outlook than as specific sets of texts or technologies. In a similar vein. Todd Present considers that digital humanities is " an umbrella term for a wide array of practices for creating, applying, interpreting, interrogating and hacking both new and old information technologies", 13 so much, that Kathleen Fitzpatrick was led to ask: " Digital Humanities- singular or plural?"14 some scholars describe two waves of digital humanities work.

3) Can it help in study/research of regional literature written in local languages (i.e. Hindi, Sanskrit, Gujarati,Marathi,Tamil, Telugu etc) as it helps in the study of literature in English?

The earliest Indian literature took the form of the canonical Hindu sacred writings. Known as the Veda. Which were written in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added prose commentaries such as the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. The production of Sanskrit Literature extended from about 1500 BCE to about 1000 CE and reached its height of development in the 1st to 7th centuries CE. In addition to sacred and Philosophical writings, such genres as erotic and devotional lyrics, court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales emerged.

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Thinking activity: Unit3 : Cultural studies practice: Hamlet and To His Coy Mistress

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Welcome to my blog,

This task Culture studies in practice: Hamlet and To His Coy Mistress  given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of Department of English.

1) If these two characters were marginalized in Hamlet, they are even more so in Stoppard's handling. If Shakespeare marginalized the powerless in his own version of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Stoppard has marginalized us all in an era when - in the eyes of some-all of us are caught up in forces beyond our control

Let us now approach Shakespeare's Hamlet with a view to seeing power in its cultural context.
Shortly after the play within the play, Claudius is talking privately with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet's fellow students from Wittenberg. In response to Claudius's plan to send Hamlet to England, Rosencrantz delivers a speech that-if read out of context- is both an excellent set of metaphors and a summation of the Elizabethan concept of the role and power of kingship.

Thinking activity:- cultural studies in practice: Frankenstein & writer's market

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Welcome to my blog,

 This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of department of English. Maharaj KrishnaKumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

1) Frankenstein in contemporary Indian culture ?

Frankenstein has surfaced in hundreds of television adaptation, including  Night Gallery, the Addams family, The Munsters, star Trek: The Next Generation, Scooby-Doo, Frankenstein Jr.and the Impossible,Alvin and the Chipmunks, The Simpsons, Wishbone, and so on. Notable television Creatures have included No Svenson ,Randy Quais, David Warner, and Ian Holm. 

2) Any popular artist / writer & his market (material condition)?
                                      

Famous works:-

"Five point someone"
"One Night at the call center"
"2 states : The  story of my marriage"
"The 3 mistakes of my life"
                                               
Popular writer:-
Chetan Bhagat know who he is writing for. His audience is not the reader who has been reading for years and know the kind of books he prefers or doesn't who already has favourite author or authors or who can  distinguish between a Mills & Boon and a Penguin classic. Bhagat does not write for them. He writes for an aspirational middle class for whom English is a distant second language. And he marked no bones about that fact; Bhagat never claimed to be Naipaul. When you are this clear about the market you are selling to, you usually cannot go wrong. And he doesn't. His books are not high literature, but they are perfect for the people he is selling to.

#TYEB MEHTA

Lifespan : July 25, 1925-July 2, 2009
A painter, sculptor and film-maker, Tyeb Mehta was part of the progressive Artists' Group in Mumbai . Here, he interested with many artists who would later be renowned like S.H. Raja and M.F. Husain  The PAG moved away from the nationalist Bengal school and instead borrowed heavily in style from Western Modernism. Mehta moved to London in 1959 and he staved there till 1964, after which he visited the New York City. During his time in London, Mehta was influenced by the gruesome distortion of famous British artist Francis Bacon; while in New York, his work came to be characterized by Minimalism. Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, he turned Indian themes and subjects. In 2007, Tyeb Mehta was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian honor in India.

Masterpiece:Kali(1989)
               

Other famous work:-
Mahishasura(1997)
Untitled (Lovers, 1974)

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Thinking Activity: Cultural studies 2: Five Types of cultural studies

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Welcome to my blog,

This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir head of department of English Maharaj KrishnaKumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

1) Your understanding of British Cultural Materialism, in your own words ?

    Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950 with the work of F.R. Leavis heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold's analyses of bourgeois culture. Cultural studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism" in Britain , and it has a long tradition. Popular Cultural -T.V. , Films, stage. Mutrial is not cultural.

British cultural studies:-

Two Trajectories:-

1) present past

2) Future socialist utopia

2) What is contribution of Michel Foucault in new historicism ?
                                

Michel Foucault-' power & knowledge' -know, I know, we know, other know. Michel Foucault says power. Foucault's concept of power. Greenblatt and Foucault both worked at Berkeley in the 1970. So , probably, it was there that two 'atomic' particles' in the' universal' of cultural studies collided and thus produced a' new historicism' or 'the poetics of culture'.

3)How can new historicists help in answering the questions raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver's Travels?

                                  

 Laputa-"the whore." What did Jonathan Swift mean when he gave that name to the flying island in the third voyage of Gulliver's Travels? It is a question that has tantalized readers since the eighteenth century. The science fiction aspect of that Island Still amuses us, but why "the whore"? There may be an answer, and as we will show later, new historicism is the right approach to answer this question.

4) Exemplify four types of analyses of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts?

Production analysis asks the following kinds of questions: Who owns the media? Who creates texts and why? Under what constraints? How democratic or elitist is the production of popular culture? What about works written only for money? Textual analysis examines how specific works of popular culture create meanings Audience analysis asks how different groups of popular culture consumers, or users, make similar or different sense of the same texts Historical analysis investigates how these other three dimensions change over time.

1)production analysis

2) Textual  analysis

3) Audience analysis

4) Historical analysis

There are four main types of popular culture analyses: production analysis, textual analysis,audience analysis, and historical analysis. These analyses seek to get beneath the surface (denotative) meanings and examine more implicit( connotative) social meanings. These approaches view culture as a narrative story-telling process in which particular texts or  cultural artifacts consciously or unconsciously link themselves to larger stories at play in the society.

5) Difference between modernism  and postmodernism. If possible, give example also?

Modernism began in the 1890s and lasted till about 1945. Postmodernism began after the second world war. Especially after 1968. Modernism was based on using rational , logical means to gain knowledge while postmodernism denied the application of logical thinking. Rather, the thinking during the postmodern era was based on unscientific, irrational thought process, as a reaction to modernism. A hierarchical and organized and determinate nature of knowledge characterized modernism. But post modernism was based on anarchical, non-totalized and indeterminate state of knowledge. Modernist approach was objective, theoretical and analyticalcal while the postmodernism approach was based on belief. The fundamental difference between modernism and postmodernism search of an abstract truth of life while postmodernism thinkers believe that there is no universal truth, abstract or otherwise.    

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